Computer systems and applications use time stamps for communication purposes. Synchronous system times are highly important for these so-called temporal signatures to be of any use – especially for systems that exchange information via the internet. A protocol that has provided valuable assistance for decades is the network time protocol (NTP) – here is an introduction to NTP, as well as some...
Are you a Windows user, but aren’t sure what version of the operating system you have installed on your PC? This article introduces three ways of checking your Windows version in just a few seconds: using a keyboard shortcut, via the Control Panel, or using the Windows Command Prompt (CMD).
When several computers are connected to one another it is known as a network. Networks enable data exchange between different devices, making shared resources available. Different network types are implemented depending on which transmission techniques and standards are used. These differ in terms of the number of connected systems and potential reach.
Rules must be observed when communicating in a group. This is no different with local networks: CSMA/CD regulates how data packet collisions must be handled in a LAN network. But what happens if several participants attempt to simultaneously carry out a transmission and the information gets lost? Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection is an important procedure for smooth network...
The central monitoring and managing of network devices such as routers, switches, or firewalls is often carried out using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Both snmpwalk and snmpget tools use SNMP messages, for example, to retrieve data sets of selected network participants. In our SNMP tutorial, we show what these two command line tools can do and how data retrieval works.
The internet – just like other large networks – must be precisely subdivided. The network classes, used until the 1990s and not yet completely gone from the scene, were far too inflexible for the requirements of the digital world. CIDR can help: With classless inter-domain routing, it’s possible to create effective subnets and routes. We explain how this works.
When you call up a website, the entered domain first needs to be turned into an IP address and read out from the browser so that the page can finally appear in the browser. This process is known as name resolution. Here, the root name server or (DNS) root server in the domain name system plays a key role. But what is a root server? And what exactly goes on when they receive requests for...
Optical installation media are yesterday’s news. A bootable USB drive is not only faster and more practical than a CD-ROM, it can also do a lot more: For example, create a portable operating system with which you can use Windows as well as Linux computers. The most important function, though, is the ability to boot and repair a PC following a serious system problem. To make such a bootable USB...
The container platform Docker offers native functions for the orchestration of containers in physical or virtual clusters. Docker also offers a tool for the deployment of multi-container apps with Compose. Thanks to the native swarm mode, you can scale complex applications by yourself on any number of Docker hosts. We show you how that works and offer comprehensive help in our tutorial for Docker...
A unique address is needed for a letter to reach the right person by post. It is similar on the internet. The network equivalent of a postal address is an IP address. One of the tasks of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is to coordinate the worldwide pool of IP addresses, and thereby contributing to an integral part of millions of people’s lives.
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