What is a Backup?

You have probably asked yourself the following questions more than once: What does the term “backup” actually mean? What is a data backup? How can it be managed at a pro­fes­sion­al level? And why are regular backups so important?

A backup is a simple process which can be defined as follows: You use a backup to save data on a suitable storage medium (e.g. an external hard drive). Once you have performed a backup, a backup copy will be available which contains important data in redundant forms (i.e. as a duplicate). If you need to access old data or if you ex­pe­ri­enced a sudden loss of data, the backup can be used to restore all or part of the data. This can be done manually (e.g. copying back in­di­vid­ual files) or using a special backup software with restore functions.

Backups are vital for self-employed people and companies. It is important to be able to quickly restore business and customer data and the EDP in­fra­struc­ture if your system crashes or is infected with a virus; otherwise, there is a risk of incurring heavy financial losses. Fur­ther­more, it could even ruin a good rep­u­ta­tion built up over time if frus­trat­ed customers are suddenly required to wait longer for their business trans­ac­tions to go through, deadlines aren’t met or agreed upon services can no longer be provided on time.

Con­sid­er­ing the sig­nif­i­cant amount of damage which could result from potential data loss, there should always be a backup strategy in place as a “life insurance policy”. Moreover, having a sensible backup solution will help to easily speed up the full data transfer process if there is a re­or­ga­ni­za­tion in IT or if new hardware is being used.

The first step in a backup strategy is to determine whether you want to back up entire hard drives or just in­di­vid­ual folders and files (e.g. email archives, databases, working folders). You can also focus on specific file types or di­rec­to­ries when backing up data. Selective backups save storage space and network bandwidth. However, you need to always monitor possible de­vel­op­ments and adapt your backup strategy; otherwise, you may find that not all of your important data has been saved. Those wishing to go the selective storage route need to know precisely where the key storage locations are. For example, you need to know where emails are archived and where the browser stores its bookmarks, and encrypted login details for the password manager.

All types of backups require you to determine how often backups should be made. In addition, all devices need to be taken into account: local computers, laptops, mobile devices, and servers. You also need to ensure re­dun­dan­cy of important data stored in a cloud. Anyone fre­quent­ly gen­er­at­ing large work files over a long period of time should also have in­ter­me­di­ate backups ready for serious sit­u­a­tions or when re­con­struc­tion is necessary. A cus­tomized backup strategy will ideally take into account all relevant ex­cep­tion­al scenarios.

Anyone with a sensible backup strategy should know the dif­fer­ence between full, in­cre­men­tal, and dif­fer­en­tial backups. Here is a table overview il­lus­trat­ing the dif­fer­ences between special features of these methods:

The method or com­bi­na­tion of methods is chosen based on the in­di­vid­ual situation. As a rule of thumb, experts recommend per­form­ing a full backup at longer intervals (weekly or monthly) and per­form­ing in­cre­men­tal and dif­fer­en­tial backups between the full backups.

Optical data storage media such as CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays are rel­a­tive­ly in­ex­pen­sive and contain man­age­able amounts of data. These storage media are mobile and can be easily dis­trib­uted to multiple locations. However, you will need a com­pat­i­ble burner. These days, such media are not all that common anymore. A major advantage of optical data storage media is that it is ideal for “cold backups” since it does not have an active con­nec­tion to a real-time data pro­cess­ing system and stores data offline. Its data structure is fixed which reduces the number of risks, es­pe­cial­ly ran­somware. Therefore, en­cryp­tion trojans cannot tamper with any of its data. It also elim­i­nates the risk of getting black­mailed by hackers who demand large sums of money to decrypt stolen archives.

However, using these data storage media for par­tic­u­lar­ly com­pre­hen­sive full backups will consume a lot of resources in the long run which sig­nif­i­cant­ly affects the en­vi­ron­men­tal impact of this method. Countless DVDs, CDs, and Blu-rays can pile up and need to be managed as a lot of data quickly becomes obsolete and is no longer needed. Ad­di­tion­al dis­ad­van­tages include the fact that optical data storage media can only hold rel­a­tive­ly small amounts of data and its failure rate increases after ten years - sometimes less. The media can suddenly become un­read­able. When it comes to private house­holds, free­lancers, and sole pro­pri­etor­ships who may handle fewer sensitive data, this physical fixed type of storage media can be a good option. It is also rec­om­mend­ed for when you need to store data for shorter periods.

Optical data storage media are in­creas­ing­ly being replaced by USB sticks and memory cards. These are mobile, rel­a­tive­ly robust, in­ex­pen­sive, and can be easily used for backups. Old data can be over­writ­ten without a problem. However, this rewritable type of storage media is vul­ner­a­ble to malware and will thus quickly become a threat within a company network because it can infect other devices. They are also often misplaced or lost in transit due to their small size. USB sticks and memory cards are a good option if you are dealing with less sensitive data.

This type of storage media is par­tic­u­lar­ly well suited to creating quick and temporary, redundant backups of man­age­able amounts of data that are generated daily. If sensitive data ends up on this type of mobile storage media, you should use effective en­cryp­tion methods and require secure passwords to be entered when opening a backup.

External hard drives are in­ex­pen­sive, mobile, and have a rel­a­tive­ly high storage capacity when compared with USB sticks and DVDs. When it comes to private house­holds, sole pro­pri­etor­ships, and small busi­ness­es, mobile hard drives are a good option. Due to their higher storage capacity, they can also be used in more demanding backup strate­gies as defined by the 3-2-1 rule. In the case of RAID 1 systems, a powerful mirroring function is used in which two hard drives enclosed in a single case store duplicate copies of the data.

However, external hard drives are also at risk of malware. Their failure rate increases as they age. They can also be dropped and have a limited life span, which can now be monitored quite well using the ap­pro­pri­ate analysis tools (SMART tech­nol­o­gy). There have been frequent reports from customers online of hard drive failures due to them being defective. You should check external hard drives using analysis tools and test them on your own, es­pe­cial­ly in the beginning.

Magnetic tape is a very old storage medium from the early days of PC tech­nol­o­gy. While it is now generally more of a niche market, specific companies and busi­ness­es still use this tech­nol­o­gy for data backups. The tape can be stored easily and more im­por­tant­ly in­ex­pen­sive­ly. It has a sig­nif­i­cant storage capacity. The new LTO 8 standard doubles the storage capacity for each cassette to 12.8 terabytes. This means that it offers a sig­nif­i­cant­ly higher storage capacity than optical data storage media and com­mer­cial­ly available hard drives and can be rewritten multiple times.

However, you have to buy a specific tape for this. When it comes to re­cov­er­ing and reading specific data, tape requires a lot of time and is much slower than hard drives, for example. Hard drives provide you with random access to all their data fairly quickly. In contrast, tapes have to be inserted into a tape machine to read their data and then rewound to their starting position which is time consuming. You also need to keep in mind that tape machines may encounter me­chan­i­cal issues and cassettes can be defective.

Magnetic tape is quite well-suited to creating pro­fes­sion­al backups of secondary redundant copies when it comes to highly sensitive data. However, due to their limited avail­abil­i­ty, you should not need to rely on making backups fre­quent­ly. One of its dis­ad­van­tages can also be seen as an advantage. When dealing with hackers and their viruses, “cold” and tape-based linear backups on magnetic tape guarantee the highest level of security since it is more difficult to access the data.

In recent years, network-based cloud solutions have become in­creas­ing­ly popular. Online storage is easy to use and provides a pro­fes­sion­al in­fra­struc­ture with almost unlimited storage capacity. Using cloud storage, it is possible to backup any digital device from anywhere in the world at any time. Via a syn­chro­niza­tion function, any modified data in a selected folder is au­to­mat­i­cal­ly and regularly uploaded to the remote redundant data storage device. In addition, it allows you to easily backup an entire in­fra­struc­ture con­tain­ing desktop computers, mobile devices, virtual machines and company-owned servers.

There are many programs available online for im­ple­ment­ing backup strate­gies and many of them are also available free of charge. Freeware solutions tend to have slightly less func­tion­al­i­ty and are a bit more difficult to use. In many cases, you can set up backups using the built-in tools in your operating system free of charge. You can find in­struc­tions for common operating systems here:

Data backups on Windows 10 (Create a system image = backup of the hard drive on which the operating system is located which includes important settings and user data):

Backup solution for Mac computers (Time Machine):

Backup solution for Linux systems (Back In Time):